Gnanadesikan, A., 1999: A simple predictive model for the structure of the oceanic pycnocline. Science, 283(5410), 2077-2079.

Abstract: A simple theory for the large-scale oceanic circulation is developed, relating pycnocline depth, Northern Hemisphere sinking, and low-latitude upwelling to pycnocline diffusivity and Southern Ocean winds and eddies. The results show that Southern Ocean processes help maintain the global ocean structure and that pycnocline diffusion controls low-latitude upwelling.