Kasahara, A., A. P. Mizzi, and L. J. Donner, 1994: Diabatic initialization for improvement in the tropical analysis of divergence and moisture using satellite radiometric imagery data. Tellus, 46A(3), 242-264.

Abstract: To improve the quality of horizontal divergence and moisture analyses in the tropics, a diabatic initialization scheme is developed to incorporate information on convective activity and the proxy data of precipitation obtained from satellite radiometric imagery data. The tropical precipitation rates are estimated by developing a relationship between the pentad precipitation data of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project with daily outgoing longwave radiation data. The tropical belt from 35°S to 25°N (for January 1988) is divided in to 3 parts: convective, convective fringe, and downward-motion (clear-air) areas. In the convective region, the algorithm adjusts the horizontal divergence and humidity fields such that a version of the Kuo cumulus parameterization will yield the precipitation rates closest to the proxy data. The temperature in the planetary boundary layer is also adjusted, if necessary, to ensure the initiation of cumulus convection. In the downward-motion region, the divergence field is adjusted to yield descending motion expected from the thermodynamic balance between radiative cooling and adiabatic warming. In the convective fringe region, where convective criteria are not met, the divergence field is adjusted only to satisfy the global conservation of divergence. The humidity field is left intact in both the downward-motion and convective fringe regions. This adjustment scheme will ameliorate problems associated with spinup of precipitation in a numerical prediction model with the same cumulus parameterization as used in the initialization. This initialization scheme may be used as a method of quality control for first-guess fields in four-dimensional data assimilation by means of satellite radiometric imagery data.