Broccoli, A. J., and S. Manabe, 1993: Climate model studies of interactions between ice sheets and the atmosphere-ocean system. In Ice in the Climate System, W. R. Peltier, ed., NATO ASI Series I, Vol. 12, Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 271-290.

Abstract: A number of climate modeling studies have been conducted at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory to study the interaction of continental ice sheets with the climate system. This paper reviews some of the primary results from these studies. Substantial changes in the atmospheric circulation, location and intensity of storm tracks, precipitation distribution, sea surface temperature, sea ice extent, and soil moisture occur in response to the ice sheets of the last glacial maximum. Estimates of the mass budgets of these ice sheets suggest that they are not in equilibrium with the simulated LGM climate, although questions regarding the refreezing of surface meltwater make this result uncertain. Results from climate model experiments with and without orography suggest that orographic uplift could have produced a climate slightly more favorable for ice sheet initiation.