Kushnir, Y., and N-C. Lau, 1992: The general circulation model response to a North Pacific SST anomaly: Dependence on time scale and pattern polarity. Journal of Climate, 5(4), 271-283.

Abstract: A general circulation model was integrated with perpetual January conditions and prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific. A characteristic pattern with a warm region centered northeast of Hawaii and a cold region along the western seaboard of North America was alternately added to and subtracted from the climatological SST field. Long 1350-day runs, as well as short 180-day runs, each starting from different initial conditions, were performed. The results were compared to a control integration with climatological SSTs.

The model's quasi-stationary response does not exhibit a simple linear relationship with the polarity of the prescribed SST anomaly. In the short runs with a negative SST anomaly over the central ocean, a large negative height anomaly, with an equivalent barotropic vertical structure, occurs over the Gulf of Alaska. For the same SST forcing, the long run yields a different response pattern in which an anomalous high prevails over northern Canada and the Alaskan Peninsula. A significant reduction in the northward heat flux associated with baroclinic eddies and a concomitant reduction in convective heating occur along the model's Pacific storm track. In the runs with a positive SST anomaly over the central ocean, the average height response during the first 90-day period of the short runs is too weak to be significant. In the subsequent 90-day period and in the long run an equivalent barotropic low occurs downstream from the warm SST anomaly. All positive anomaly runs exhibit little change in baroclinic eddy activity or in the patterns of latent heat release. Horizontal momentum transports by baroclinic eddies appear to help sustain the quasi-stationary repsonse in the height field regardless of the polarity of the SST anomaly. These results emphasize the important role played by baroclinic eddies in determining the quasi-stationary response to midlatitude SST anomalies. Differences between the response patterns of the short and long integrations may be relevant to future experimental design for studying air-sea interactions in the extratropics.