Sarmiento, J. L., and J. R. Toggweiler, 1986: A preliminary model of the role of upper ocean chemical dynamics in determining oceanic oxygen and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. In Dynamic Processes in the Chemistry of the Upper Ocean, Plenum Publishing Corp. 233-240.

Abstract: A first version is presented of equations for a three-dimensional model of nutrient and carbon cycling in the oceans. An analytical solution of these equations has been obtained for a one-and-a-half-dimensional "pipe" model. This solution shows that atmospheric CO₂ can be varied by changing the level of preformed nutrients. It is suggested that this mechanism may explain the lower p_{CO2 values of the last ice age.}