Garzoli, S. L., and S. G. H. Philander, 1985: Validation of an equatorial Atlantic simulation model using inverted echo sounder data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90 (C5), 9199-9201.

Abstract: Changes in the vertically averaged temperature of water column, observed over a 12-month period at eight locations in the tropical Atlantic with inverted echo sounders, are described in terms of empirical orthogonal functions. These modes are compared with those from a similar analysis for data from a general circulation model of the tropical Atlantic. The method proves to be useful for the validation of models.