Schemm, C. E., and F. B. Lipps, 1985: A three-dimensional numerical study of turbulence in homogenous fluids. Computers and Fluids, 13 (2), 185-205.

Abstract: Results are reported from computations of homogenous, nearly isotropic turbulence using a low resolution three-dimensional numerical model with subgrid-scale closure. Both the nonlinear eddy viscosity closure of Smagorinsky and a modified second-order closure involving solution of a prognostic equation for the subgrid-scale kinetic energy are tested in a 20³ grid-point model. A higher resolution 32³ model is exercised to examine the effects of changes in model constants and in grid-point resolution. It is shown, based on comparisons of the turbulence energy spectra, that calculations using the nonlinear eddy viscosity formulation are extremely sensitive to variations in the constant. It is also concluded that little is to be gained from the use of second-order closure in problems where stratification is unimportant. This is not inconsistent with results from a previous study by the authors of thermal convection in the planetary boundary later. From that study it was concluded that some form of second-order closure is essential in stratified turbulence calculations.