Yeh, T-C., R. T. Wetherald, and S. Manabe, 1984: The effect of soil moisture on a short-term climate and hydrology change--A numerical experiment. Monthly Weather Review, 112 (3), 474-490.
Abstract: This paper describes a series of numerical experiments simulating the effect
of large-scale irrigation on short-term changes of hydrology and climate.
This is done through the use of a simple general circulation model with
a limited computational domain and idealized geography.
The soil at three latitude bands, namely 30 degrees N-60 degrees N, 0-30
degrees N, and 15 degrees S-15 degrees N is initially saturated with moisture.
The results from these experiments indicate that irrigation affects not
only the distribution of evaporation but also that of large-scale precipitation.
It is found that the anomalies of soil moisture created by irrigation of
these respective latitude zones can persist for at least several months
due to increased evaporation and precipitation. Furthermore, if the irrigated
region is located under a rainbelt, precipitation in that rainbelt is enhanced.
Conversely, if the irrigated region is not located under a rainbelt, much
of the additional moisture is transported to a rainbelt outside this area.
Thus the moist moisture anomaly for the 30 degrees N-60 degrees N case which
is located under the middle latitude rainbelt tends to persist longer than
the corresponding anomaly for the 0-30 degrees N case. The soil at three
latitude bands, namely 30 degrees N-60 degrees N, 0-30 degrees N, and 15
degrees S-15 degrees N is initially saturated with moisture.
Although both the 30 degrees N-60 degrees N and 15 degrees S-15 degrees
N latitude regions occur under rainbelts, the soil moisture anomaly for
the 15 degrees S-15 degrees N case does not persist as long as it does for
the 30 degrees N-60 degrees N case. This is because in the 15 degrees S-15
degrees N case, a much greater fraction of the increased precipitation is
lost from the hydrologic cycle due to runoff there as compared with the
30 degrees N-60 degrees N case.
The above changes of the hydrological processes also cause corresponding
changes of the thermal state of the atmosphere such as a cooling of the
surface due to increased evaporation. This results in changes of the mean
zonal circulation through the thermal wind relationship. It is found that
irrigation in the tropical region weakens the upward branch of the Hadley
circulation in the vicinity of the tropical rainbelt.