Mahlman, J. D., and L. J. Umscheid, 1984: Dynamics of the middle atmosphere: Successes and problems of the GFDL "SKYHI" general circulation model. In Dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere, Tokyo, Japan: Terra Scientific Publishing Co., 501-525.

Abstract: The seasonal variation of the circulation of the middle atmosphere is investigated using a medium resolution (5 degrees latitude by 6 degrees longitude) version of the GFDL "SKYHI" general circulation model. The model includes rather complete tropospheric physical and dynamical processes as well as a state-of-the-art radiative transfer algorithm.
Simulation successes in the model middle atmosphere include: the cold equatorial tropopause; the midlatitude warm belt in the winter lower stratosphere; clear separation of the subtropical and polar night jet streams; stratospheric summer easterlies of the proper speed and extent; a strong sudden warming type event just above the stratopause; closing off of the polar night jet stream in the mesosphere; and a pronounced equatorial semi-annual oscillation.
Model results which must be regarded as failures include: excessively cold polar night vortices with associated overly intense zonal winds; an underestimate of the amount of wave activity escaping the troposphere; a mesospheric summertime easterly jet which does not close off; and no evidence of a quasi-biennial oscillation in the equatorial lower stratosphere.