Yamada, T., and G. L. Mellor, 1979: A numerical simulation of BOMEX data using a turbulence closure model coupled with ensemble cloud relations. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 105 (446), 915-944.

Summary: A one-dimensional version of a simplified, second-moment turbulence closure model, coupled with a recently developed cloud model, is used to simulate BOMEX (Barbados Oceanographic and Meterological Experiment) data. Partial differential equations for the turbulence energy and a master length scale are solved. Simulated mixing ratios of water vapour, virtual temperatures and horizontal wind speeds are compared with observations. Horizontal wind speeds agree quite well; however, simulated temperature and mixing ratio of water vapour at the end of the fourth day are about 2 K and 1.5 g kg^-1 higher, respoectively, than corresponding observations; possibly this is due to the fact that the surface temperature used in the simulation is too high. Mean liquid water, cloud volume, liquid water variance, turbulence energy and eddy viscosity coefficients are presented, but data for these variables are not available for comparison. Surface momentum, heat and moisture fluxes are also presented and are compared with data. Senstitivity studies indicate that the simulated mixing ratios of water vapour agree best with observations when both vertical wind and horizontal advection obtained from the data are included.
The present study is encouraging, although further research is required to improve the model and to develop confidence in its predictive capability.