Kurbatkin, G. P., S. Manabe, and D. G. Hahn, 1979: The moisture content of the continents and the intensity of summer monsoon circulation. Soviet Meteorology and Hydrology, No. 11, 5-11.

Abstract: By means of a spectral model of the atmosphere developed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, we studied the effect of changes in the moisture content of the continents on the rate of summer monsoon circulation in the middle latitudes. The model includes the annual climate cycle and the hydrology of the atmosphere and the continents. An analysis of the numerical experiments demonstrated that drainage of the continents may lead to a decrease in precipitation not only over the continents, but also over the ocean; drainage may simulataneously increase the rate of planet-wide summer monsoon circulation in the middle latitudes, which may be an important condition in the annual climate cycle for summer radiant heating of the ocean.