Vonder Haar, T. H., and A. H. Oort, 1973: New estimate of annual poleward energy transport by Northern Hemisphere oceans. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 3 (2), 169-172.

Abstract: Recent measurements of the earth's radiation budget from satellites, together with extensive atmospheric energy transport summaries based on rawinsonde data, allow a new estimate of the required poleward energy transport by Northern Hemisphere oceans for the mean annual case. In the region of maximum net northward energy transport (30-35 N), the oceans transport 47% of the required energy (1.7 x 10²² cal year^-1). At 20 N, the peak ocean transport accounts for 74% at that latitude; for the region 0-70 N the ocean contribution averages 40%.